Magnesium is the second most abundant intracellular cation and the fourth most abundant cation in the body. Magnesium is a cofactor in over 300 enzymatic reactions and plays a critical role in energy metabolism, glucose utilization, protein synthesis, fatty acid synthesis and breakdown, and ATPase functions. It is an essential ion because it helps maintain the ionic balance of other minerals such as sodium, potassium, and calcium. Magnesium deficiency is common in chronic diseases, leading to inflammation in various pathologies. Diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney failure, nephrolithiasis, osteoporosis, and heart and vascular diseases alter magnesium balance.