Saffron is a spice derived from the Crocus sativus flower. It is rich in bioactive compounds and has been clinically shown to improve symptoms related to stress, anxiety, and low mood, and to promote sleep. Saffron's active components include carotenoids, phenols, and flavonoids. Its clinical effects are primarily attributed to crocin and safranal, which are also responsible for its aroma and color. Multiple controlled trials have shown that saffron improves symptoms related to nervousness, stress, and mood.
Multiple mechanisms of action have been identified for saffron, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, modulation of the HPA axis, GABAA receptor agonism, and inhibition of the reuptake of several neurotransmitters, including dopamine. Affron, a novel standardized saffron extract, has been shown to decrease negative mood and stress- and anxiety-related symptoms (including perceived stress and nervousness, tension, sadness, and fatigue) in several randomized, controlled trials in adults, with similar benefits in a controlled trial in adolescents aged 12 to 16 years. Affron also improved clinician-rated mood scores when combined with standard therapies. In addition, affron has been shown to improve sleep quality in participants with self-reported sleep problems and increase evening melatonin levels.